Distribution, Production, TEchnology, Circuation

 

Notch Article

BBC Radio 1 interview

Institutional Factors and Marketing

Institutional Factors and Marketing

First published in 1991 The Big Issue has gone from strength to strength to become the world’s most widely circulated street newspaper. It officially belongs to the hybrid genre of entertainment and social business and as such, runs regular reviews on films, book releases, theatre, music and art but no television listings – the entertainment aspect attracts advertising revenue while the editorial content is often critical of big business, banking and commerce and champions the political cause and role of the individual within society. David v Goliath narratives are common as downtrodden groups and disparate individuals fight corporate giants but the magazine has come under some criticism for its ‘flashy style’ as a street newspaper and as being overly commercial.

When John Bird and Gordon Roddick founded the magazine their aim was to offer homeless people, or people at risk of homelessness the opportunity to earn a legitimate income by selling the magazine – the cost of the magazine is £2-50 with £1-25 going to the trader. This was the primary objective of the magazine as an independent publication to offer a public service and to try and improve a social problem which they saw as endemic – John Bird MBE remains the Editor-in-Chief and still writes a regular column at the back of the magazine. Recently (January 2013) he appeared on BBC1’s discussion panel show Question Time surprising some viewers with his admission that he is a ‘working class Tory’. Other writers in the magazine Bird works with include professional journalists and new and established writers.

Bird’s own background was pivotal to launching The Big Issue – he was homeless at the age of 5, residing in an orphanage between 7 and 10 and had a spell in prison as a teenager. After leaving prison he slept rough on the streets of London before returning to prison in his late 20s. Four years after founding the magazine in 1995 he launched The Big Issue Foundation, a registered charity to further help the homeless. The Foundation provides magazine vendors with information, advice, guidance and support on a range of issues.

As an independent publication (published by The Big Issue Company Ltd.) it needed, and received £25,000 start up capital, donated by The Body Shop (the founder of the Body Shop, Anita Roddick was the wife of co Big Issue founder Gordon Roddick). At its peak The Big Issue sold 300,000 copies in 2001 but as sales declined over the decade (along with the circulation of all print media) it re-launched with a new look and new columnists including controversial Premier League footballer Joey Barton. Weekly circulation (every Monday) has improved to around 58,000 and presently there are 6000 registered sellers all over the UK with acknowledgement that there are also rogue traders (without large red jackets and clear id badges) who have ‘acquired’ copies of the magazine illegally. Most of the vendors conform to the male (85%) homeless stereotype, are 18-46 with broken relationships and subsequent problems given and the major reason for their homelessness

Audience Appeals

Undoubtedly there is an element of emotional fulfilment in buying a copy of The Big Issue – this feel good factor associated with charity giving has to be identified as one of the key appeals of the magazine. In making a purchase you may feel better ideologically knowing you are helping rough sleepers and the homeless. This is why ‘carers’ using psychographic research are targeted by the magazine. Using a different model of audience, the Uses and Gratifications model Surveillance very much applies as one of audience pleasures gained from reading the magazine. Information is available on socio political issues but also the entertainment aspect in that you can read about a current issue but then indulge in reviews and analysis of culture.

The target audience of The Big Issue also enjoy the fact that it speaks to them, in terms of modes of address ‘in their own language’ using an elaborated language code assuming a level of intelligence and cultural capital. This balanced approach cloaks up to a point any encoded ideology and massages carefully the readers’ understanding of key issues. Articles and stories assume some prior knowledge e.g. in the edition October 8th 2012 a piece on the American Presidential Debate required some knowledge of the American constitution and political history. Shared ideological beliefs is also a key appeal for the audience as notions of personal relationships apply – in the same edition an ironic advert for ‘Dick Sapphire’ lectures on how to make money targets the audience’s left wing, liberal leanings as they are aware the lectures are written and performed by comedian Rory Bremner­­, known for his strong political opinions on issues ranging from Health Care to Education and Politics. These are all areas audiences would expect The Big Issue to cover.

The reader is made to feel ‘independent’ by the reactionary, sometimes controversial approach the magazine has, against dominant mainstream culture. Even the adverts do not follow mainstream conventions with copy including National Book Tokens, ‘Let’s Trek for Children’ and Safer Medicines. There is an element of the alternative here with the caring, liberal audience appreciating the lack of adverts for high street brands whose primary objective is commercial gain. Along with this, even the celebrities found within the magazine are associated with more realist human interest stories while at the same time remaining aspirational as figures the target audience can identify with and relate to. The central story, “What’s your Revolution?” is a rhetorical question challenging the target audience making clear linking to the Communist Russian Revolution – this is an attempt by the magazine to return to left wing political values.

•       The connotations of the Russian Revolution are evidenced by intertextual reference to Constructivist art which references the cultural capital of an ABC1 demographic – the fist, stars and design are common to this art movement.

•       “Time to make a change” has a double meaning by referencing a need for political change but also by referring directly to new writers – Alex Salmond as leader of the SNP has obvious credentials to write for a politically motivated magazine, Bob Crow is the reactionary, left wing General Secretary of the RMT known for bringing railway workers out on strike while the Archbishop of York is an outspoken block cleric on issues of multiculturalism and homosexuality. The controversial Premier League footballer Joey Barton is included as a controversial figure who has been subject to considerable criticism and media speculation.

•       Dame Stephanie Shirley is the only female writer on the front cover which anchors the male dominated narratives and viewpoints contained within the magazine – Dame ‘Steve’ Shirley (adopting the name Steve to help her in the male dominated business world) is a businesswoman and philanthropist whose work has focussed on creating work opportunities for women with dependents.

Genre

•       As a hybrid magazine of entertainment and social business key entertainment conventions include reviews on television, film, book releases, theatre, music, the arts (see some display adverts). As identified before these entertainment aspects draw in advertising revenue as this is one of the key appeals of the magazine (see above). Front covers are nearly always entertainment based with frequent use of celebrity to anchor a narrative – see front page deconstruction below. The Big Issue remains an unusual hybrid as entertainment magazines are rarely hybridised with social business and as such this positions the magazine as having a USP.

•       In terms of social business, the magazine runs so called ‘serious stories’ – social issues e.g. AIDS in Africa, Wikileaks, liberal politics, ‘David and Goliath’ stories which commonly focus on individuals and their struggle against corporations in classic binary opposition. Definitions of social business are businesses that are associated with working for the benefit of the people e.g. Charities, Education, Healthcare, Housing…This is clearly identifiable as a key convention of The Big Issue as it places this as an ideological imperative. Businesses foregrounded often associated with a more caring approach include Virgin, Innocent Smoothie, Co-op Bank, Organic Milk, National Book Tokens, Skillset and the University of the Arts. Critical of big business, banking and commerce the articles are often anti-government, state control and use of power. Despite the unusual hybrid The Big Issue retains some of its generic features including regular articles at the back of the magazine by John Bird and a guarantee of a ‘big splash’, colour cover that is challenging and provoking.

Representation

•       Pluralistic representations reflect the fact that the magazine is independent – it offers a diverse range of representations but a key focus on minority groups e.g. the homeless which positions it as a media text that like The Guardian, foregrounds narratives about minority groups. Connotations of being politically liberal and socially aware and against mainstream representations are written into the magazine despite the prior admission as identified earlier of John Bird’s Conservative political sympathies. The Big Issue wants however to be seem as the antithesis of right wing political ideology and this is evident from front covers and content analysis.

•       In relation to gender the magazine has a male dominated narrative despite the alleged 59% readership (according to The Big Issue). I personally rarely see the magazine purchased by female consumers and the content seems to stereotypically target ‘male issues’. This is a problem for The Big Issue as it wants to appeal to both genders. The magazine is sold not exclusively but commonly by male vendors and homelessness in terms of statistics is a ‘male problem’. As difficult as these statistics are to interpret there are many, many more homeless males in the UK than female and as a result ABC1, educated male consumers are more likely to be aware of this.

•       Representations of Age is interesting - The Big Issue allegedly has a younger target audience according to the magazine’s own demographic analysis but many articles suggest a need for cultural capital associated with an older demographic e.g. one article on William Shatner as James T Kirk would present ‘problems’ for a younger reader. In this regard however statistics indicate that homeless people in the UK are more under 45 than over 45 with a significant percentage under 35. Representation of art and culture are preferred to mainstream entertainment which again would stereotypically attract an older audience with a positive focus on representations of working class culture despite the middle class readership.

•       Compared to any genre of magazine The Big Issue has low production values but compared to most other so called Street Magazines has higher production values. Again, as with most magazines The Big Issue is sustained by advertising revenue and by The Big Issue Foundation and supported by www.bigissue.com. The cover is often flamboyant, revealing a high level of cultural and political awareness (see above covers which use intertextual links to an Alfred Hitchcock film to link to budget cuts and debate on the power of television) but also understanding the cover is the main point of sale. The Big Issue is sold (points of distribution) in city centres, built up urban areas, train stations and shopping centres with the bulk in London where there is a high percentage of Romanian vendors. The magazine, although dealing with national issues is up to a point globally published being available in Australia, Japan, South Africa, South Korea, Namibia, Kenya, Taiwan and Malawi where content is bespoke to country and culture.

 

 

 

 

Video Game Terminolgy

Reasons why Minecraft is successful

Why is Minecraft a Success?

• Easy to access
• creative
• Wide audience
• mass marketing
• continuous game (there is no limit)
• Original, little competition
• A Strong community
• Forging relationships
• Infinate replayability
• Platform agnostic
• Co-opted by children
• Not limited by gender
• Fulfils human instincts

Ways to Listen to Radio

• Live
• Digital
• A Podcast
• YouTube Channel
• FM
• Tv Channel
• Spotify
• Website
• DAB

Radio 1 timeline

Jungle Book Marketing and Distribution

Jungle Book Essay

Disney is a conglomerate and one of the largest. A conglomerate is a mixture of two or corporations which come under one main firm. Disneys conglomerate consists of : Disney, ABC, ESPN, Lucas film, marvel. Disney is part of the BIG 6. The Big 6 are an oligopoly. They are the 6 main companies that produce media.

 

Jon Favreau introduced the film via social media and also introduced it by promoting it at Disney’s Animal Kingdom. They also released three teaser trailers in the lead up to the releasing of the film in cinemas. Disney have steered away from using animation and into more real life films so older audiences would be more interested as they may find animations childish. For example, Disney has done this with Cinderella and Beauty and the Beast. Also with films like Pirates and the Caribbean use more violent themes to attract older audiences.Disney circulated photographs of paired actors with their onscreen characters, ESPN, Snapchat to create a living poster, Kenzo.

 

The differences with the length of the trailer are that the new one is longer as it has to fill the advert space on tv. Then the atmosphere is strangly different with mood a lot tenser and every thing more viscous and wanting to attract more varied audience. Back in 1967, the ‘old’ jungle book used famous jazz singers to promote the film. This was because the Jazz singers produced the soundtrack in Jungle Book. However, for the new Jungle Book, they used actors to promote because if people saw a famous actor they liked in the trailer, they would most likely go and see the film. Comparing the posters between the two productions of the jungle book you can see better technology to create the posters, making them more realistic and emotive. Also, there are a range of posters created in 2016, where as in 1967 there was only 1 poster of poor quality. The new posters show all the different characters, however, if you put them together in the correct order they all fit together to make one larger poster.In the 1967 film, Walt Disney wanted swinging sixties bands such as the Beatles to play the characters of the vultures which is who they based the characters off of for the 1967 jungle book film. Disney Vault. The "Disney Vault" is the term used by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment for its policy of putting many of its most popular home video releases of Walt Disney Animation Studios's animated features on moratorium.The re-release of the Jungle book in 2016 after the 2 previous release help to create the extreme success that has been surrounded the film as Disney itself. The film was also released onto VHS to appeal to the older audience.

Conclusion

To conclude, marketing has obviously changed. You could argue that with its licensing deals with Kenzo and its focus on aggressively targeting a secondary audience to build profits on the back of a family audience who always turn out for Disney films you could argue that Disney have grown smarter and more precise with their planning, however we must also not forget that there are still lots of similarities between the two eras, for example the use of stars and red carpet premieres to promote a film remains in place as does the creation of character posters and trailers as the fundamental basics of  Disney marketing so to me what is  forgotten is that Disney as a conglomerate have always been a master at marketing, it is why they are the number one entertainment conglomerate in the world and  yes some of the practices have changed but the whole reason why there was new version of The Jungle Book in the first place was because of the success of the first film, a success driven by an effective marketing campaign.

Radio Stations

Popular radio Stations & their audiences:

• Heart FM- middle age
• Smooth- senior citizen
• Capital- youth
• Absolute 80s- middle age
• Kiss FM- youth
• Radio 1- youth (15-29)
• Radio 5- serious & sports
• Classical FM- senior citizen
• Gaydio
• BBC Asian
• Encore- musical lovers
• Capital Xtra- more urban & dance
• Talksport- football, rugby, cricket

Introduction to Radio

 Notes:

• 90% of adults tune in, 71% of these adults tune in live.
• 24% of 16-24 year olds tune in.
• 26% listen on personal digital radio.
• 25% listen on audio streaming services.
• In 2015, over 40% of all reported radio listening was through a digital device.
• A 2nd national DAB network of transmitters were switched in 2016, bringing 15 unique radio services.
• The BBC's USP is the ability to find new music, such as BTS and K-Pop.

Task 1: 

Go online and have a look at the BBC radio programmes on offer today - Look at Radio 1 through to Radio 6:
- Which programmes are most clearly fulfilling their PSB remit?
- What range of programmes are offered?
- Which audiences are being targeted?
- Which one of the 3 principles are most in evidence in which programmes:

Radio 1: Their remit is to entertain a broad range of listeners who are young by playing chart music and relatable chat that engage a young audience. They do this by offering shows such as; Breakfast show, Official chart with Greg James, Newsbeat etc. Playing a mix of new music and artists who are emerging. Their target audience is 15 - 29 including youths and young adults.
Radio 2: Their remit is to be distinctive in their music and their speech. They offer shows such as; The Chris Evans breakfast show, Simon Mayo drive time, sounds of the 80's etc. They offer entertaining popular music and more speech based content focussing on news, current affairs, religion, documentaries etc. They target a broader audience appealing to over 35s
Radio 3: Their remit is to play music  and cultural programs that engage its audience. They play shows such as; Essential classics, lunchtime concert etc. Showing that they focus more on classic music and their chat which both informs and entertains its audience. This radio appeals to an audience that prefer listening to radio that will educate, mainly an older audience.
Radio 4: Their remit is to inform, educate and entertain listeners through speech programmes appealing to audiences that prefer intellectual chat. They play shows such as; Woman's hour, Book of the week etc. Showing more mature chat on news and current affairs.
Radio 5: Their remit is to cover live news and sport that bring stories that have just happened. They provide shows such as; The Friday's sport panel, 5 live breakfast etc. Showing that they focus more on discussion and analysis of sport and news rather than music. Their audiences targets sports fans and mostly an older audience as it is just chat.
Radio 6: Their remit is to entertain listeners with popular and alternative music. They provide shows such as; Iggy pop, Tom Ravenscroft etc. They play songs outside the mainstream market  supported with live music and new artists. They target all ages music lovers.

Task 2:

 Who was the first Breakfast show presenter on Radio 1?
Tony Blackburn

Other DJ's who have presented the show:
Nick Grimshaw, Simon Mayo, Chris Moyles, Mike Read

Biographical information on Nick Grimshaw:
 He is best known for having hosted a variety of shows on BBC Radio 1 and has been host of The Radio 1 Breakfast Show since 2012, Grimshaw grew up in the town of Oldham, Greater Manchester. He is now known for his roles in T4 and The Album Chart Show and being a judge on the twelfth series of X Factor.


 What are the current listening figures for the Breakfast Show?
The show recorded 4.93 million weekly listeners between July and September - down from 5.5 million last quarter.

Who is the controller of BBC Radio1?
Ben Cooper

How is Radio 1 funded?
Principally by an annual television license fee which is charged to all British households, Companies, and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch up.

How does Radio 1 try to be distinctive?
Radio 1 plays nearly 10 times as many different tracks in a month as its commercial rival, Capital. This is because as well as playing chart music, they also play music by emerging artists which would not be played on other commercial radio.

What is the difference between BBC Radio & Commercial stations?
Commercial stations including Capital, Kiss and Heart play chart music to keep their listeners happy and up to date with new music whereas BBC plays a wide variety of music and discussion. BBC radio spread different content between their stations which means they can reach a broader audience whereas commercial stations tend to only focus on current affairs and music.

Industry Vocab List

• Barb- The Broadcasters' Audience Research Board
• Webcasting License - Offered to those wishing to carry out Internet broadcasting using copyrighted material.
• Web 3.0 or Semantic Web- A proposed development of the World Wide Web in which data in web pages is structured and tagged in such a way that it can be read directly by computers.
• Internet of things- A network of internet-connected objects able to collect and exchange data using embedded sensors.
• Binge Watching- watch multiple episodes of (a television programme) in rapid succession, typically by means of DVDs or digital streaming.
• DAB - Digital audio broadcasting
• Traditional Media- refers to conventional means of mass communication practiced by various communities and cultures, or embodied in local custom or lore.
• Google Analytics- A freemium web analytics service offered by Google that tracks and reports website traffic.
• RAJAR- Radio Joint Audience Research
• NRS- A system of demographic classification used in the United Kingdom.
• MIDAS-
• Cultural Imperialism-  Comprises the cultural aspects of imperialism
• Democratisation of the mass media-
• Effects of Piracy- Decrease in Sales of Legal Copies, Retail Price Effects of Piracy, Estimating the Amount of Piracy, expectation of Piracy, non- profit loss
• Horizontal Integration-  The process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain.
• Vertical integration-  The combination in one firm of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate firms.
• Diversification- The process of a company enlarging or varying its range of products or field of operation.
• Alternative Media- Are media that differ from established or dominant types of media in terms of their content, production, or distribution.
• Independent Media- Refers to any form of media, such as radio, television, newspapers or the Internet, that is free of influence by government or corporate interests.
• Conglomerate-  A company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises, such as television, radio, publishing, motion pictures, theme parks, or the Internet.
• GRA- Graphic Arts
• PEGI- Pan European Game Information, a European video game content rating system established to help European consumers make informed decisions when buying video games or apps through the use of age recommendations and content descriptors.
• MediaWatch UK - Formerly known as the National Viewers' and Listeners' Association (National VALA or NVLA), is a pressure group in the United Kingdom, which campaigns against the publication and broadcast of media content that it views as harmful and offensive, such as violence, profanity, sex and homosexuality.
• IPSO-  The Independent Press Standards Organisation is the independent regulator for the newspaper and magazine industry in the UK.
• WaterShed- An event or period marking a turning point in a situation.
• OFCOM- The Office of Communications is the UK government-approved regulatory and competition authority for the broadcasting, telecommunications and postal industries of the United Kingdom.
• Media Watch-
• BBC Charter- Established the BBC. An accompanying Agreement recognises its editorial independence and sets out its public obligations in detail.
• Synergy- The interaction or cooperation of two or more organisations, substances, or other agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects.
• PSB- Public Service Broadcasting
• Broadcast Code- required under the Communications Act 2003 and the Broadcasting Act 1996 to draw up a code for television and radio, covering standards in programmes, sponsorship, product placement in television programmes, fairness and privacy.
• IWF -Internet Watch Foundation

Jungle Book Interview

Jungle Book Fact Sheet

Jungle Book Fact Sheet from bezanta12

Newspaper Circulation and Readership

 

TV Dramas